Esfahan

This article is about the city of Isfahan. For other uses, see Isfahan (disambiguation).
"Espahan" redirects here. For the village in Razavi Khorasan Province, see Espahan, Razavi Khorasan.

Isfahan (اصفهان)
city
Ancient names: Spadana, Spahān

Montage of Isfahan, Top upper left:Khaju Bridge, Top lower left:Si-o-se Pol(33 Arches Bridge), Top right:Chehel Sotun garden and palace, Bottom upper left:Naqsh-e-Jahān Square, Bottom lower left:Sheikh Lotf Allah Mosque in Ghal-e Tabarok area, Bottom right:Jameh Mosque in Shahahan area
Nickname(s): Nesf-e Jahān (Half of the world)

Isfahan
Iran

Coordinates: 32°38′N 51°39′E / 32.633°N 51.650°E / 32.633; 51.650Coordinates: 32°38′N 51°39′E / 32.633°N 51.650°E / 32.633; 51.650

Country  Iran
Province Isfahan
County Isfahan
District Central
Government
 • Mayor Morteza Saqaeian Nejad
Area
 • Total 106 km2 (41 sq mi)
Elevation 1,590 m (5,217 ft)
Population (2006)
 • Total 1,583,609
 • Population Rank in Iran 3rd
  Population Data from 2006 Census[1]
Time zone IRST (UTC+3:30)
 • Summer (DST) IRDT March 21 – September 20 (UTC+4:30)
Website www.Isfahan.ir

Isfahan (

The cities of Zarrinshahr, Fooladshahr and Najafabad, Se-deh, Shahin-shahr, Mobarakeh, Falavarjan and Charmahin all constitute the metropolitan city of Isfahan.

Isfahan is located on the main north-south and east-west routes crossing Iran, and was once one of the largest cities in the world. It flourished from 1050 to 1722, particularly in the 16th century under the Safavid dynasty, when it became the capital of Persia for the second time in its history. Even today, the city retains much of its past glory. It is famous for its Islamic architecture, with many beautiful boulevards, covered bridges, palaces, mosques, and minarets. This led to the Persian proverb "Esfahān nesf-e jahān ast" (Isfahan is half of the world).[3]

The Naghsh-e Jahan Square in Isfahan is one of the largest city squares in the world and an outstanding example of Iranian and Islamic architecture. It has been designated by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site. The city also has a wide variety of historic monuments and is known for the paintings and history.

History


Prehistory

The history of Isfahan can be traced back to the Palaeolithic period. In recent discoveries, archaeologists have found artifacts dating back to the Palaeolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic, Bronze and Iron ages.

Pre-Islamic Era

The city emerged gradually over the course of the Elamite civilization (2700 - 1600 BCE) under the name of Aspandana also spelt Ispandana. During the Median dynasty, this commercial entrepôt began to show signs of a more sedentary urbanism, steadily growing into a noteworthy regional center that benefited from the exceptionally fertile soil on the banks of the Zayendehrud River. Once Cyrus the Great (reg. 559 - 529 BCE) unified Persian and Median lands into the Achaemenid Empire (648 - 330 BCE), the religiously and ethnically diverse city of Isfahan became an early example of the king's fabled religious tolerance. The Parthians(250 BCE - 226 CE) continued this tradition after the fall of the Achaemenids, fostering the Hellenistic dimension within Iranian culture and political organization introduced by Alexander's invading armies. Under the Parthians, Arsacid governors administered a large province from Isfahan, and the city's urban development accelerated to accommodate the needs of a capital city. The next empire to rule Persia, the Sassanids (226 - 652 CE), presided over massive changes in their realm, instituting sweeping agricultural reform and reviving Iranian culture and the Zoroastrian religion. The city was then called by the name Spahān in Middle Persian. The city was governed by "Espoohrans" or the members of seven noble Iranian families who had important royal positions, and served as the residence of these noble families as well. Extant foundations of some Sassanid-era bridges in Isfahan suggest that the kings were also fond of ambitious urban planning projects. While Isfahan's political importance declined during the period, many Sassanian princes would study statecraft in the city, and its military role developed rapidly. Its strategic location at the intersection of the ancient roads to Susa and Persepolis made it an ideal candidate to house a standing army, ready to march against Constantinople at any moment. One etymological theory argues that the name 'Aspahan' derives from the Pahlavi for 'place of the army.'[4]


Persia's Capital

In 1598 Shah Abbas the Great moved his capital from Qazvin to the more central and Persian Isfahan, called Ispahān in early New Persian. This new importance ushered in a golden age for the city which lasted until it was sacked by Afghan invaders in 1722. The capital subsequently moved several times until settling in Tehran in 1795.

Modern age


Today Isfahan, the third largest city in Iran, produces fine carpets, textiles, steel, and handicrafts. Isfahan also has nuclear experimental reactors as well as facilities for producing nuclear fuel (UCF). Isfahan has one of the largest steel-producing facilities in the entire region, as well as facilities for producing special alloys.

The city has an international airport and is in the final stages of constructing its first Metro line.

Over 2000 companies are working in the area using Isfahan's economic, cultural, and social potentials. Isfahan contains a major oil refinery and a large airforce base. HESA, Iran's most advanced aircraft manufacturing plant (where the IR.AN-140 aircraft is made), is located nearby.[5]

Isfahan hosted the International Physics Olympiad in 2007.

Geography and climate

The city is located in the lush plain of the Zayandeh River, at the foothills of the Zagros mountain range. No geological obstacles exist within 90 kilometres (56 miles) north of Isfahan, allowing cool northern winds to blow from this direction. Situated at 1,590 metres (5,217 ft) above sea level on the eastern side of the Zagros Mountains, Isfahan has an arid climate (Köppen BWk). Despite its altitude, Isfahan remains very hot during the summer with maxima typically around 36 °C (97 °F). However, with low humidity and moderate temperatures at night, the climate can be very pleasant. During the winter, days are mild but nights can be very cold and snow has occurred at least once every winter except 1986/1987 and 1989/1990.[6][7]

Climate data for Isfahan
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 20
(68) 		23
(73) 		27
(81) 		32
(90) 		33.6
(92.5) 		35.2
(95.4) 		37.7
(99.9) 		37.0
(98.6) 		35
(95) 		33.2
(91.8) 		25.5
(77.9) 		21.2
(70.2) 		37.7
(99.9)
Average high °C (°F) 9.2
(48.6) 		12.5
(54.5) 		17.0
(62.6) 		22.7
(72.9) 		28.2
(82.8) 		32.3
(90.1) 		34.7
(94.5) 		33.6
(92.5) 		30.8
(87.4) 		25
(77) 		17
(63) 		11
(52) 		23.42
(74.16)
Average low °C (°F) −2.5
(27.5) 		−0.4
(31.3) 		4.1
(39.4) 		9.3
(48.7) 		13.7
(56.7) 		18.5
(65.3) 		21.0
(69.8) 		19.1
(66.4) 		14.7
(58.5) 		8.9
(48) 		3.2
(37.8) 		−1
(30) 		9.05
(48.29)
Record low °C (°F) −19.4
(−2.9) 		−12.2
(10) 		−6.2
(20.8) 		−4
(25) 		4.5
(40.1) 		10
(50) 		13
(55) 		11
(52) 		5
(41) 		0
(32) 		−8
(18) 		−13
(9) 		−19.4
(−2.9)
Precipitation mm (inches) 29.9
(1.177) 		40.0
(1.575) 		31.7
(1.248) 		28.9
(1.138) 		18.7
(0.736) 		11.2
(0.441) 		6.7
(0.264) 		2.3
(0.091) 		2.1
(0.083) 		13.9
(0.547) 		22.5
(0.886) 		29.7
(1.169) 		237.6
(9.355)
Avg. precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 4.1 6.0 4.1 3.4 2.5 1.7 1.0 0.8 0.8 1.7 3.3 3.9 33.3
 % humidity 60 65 53 60 44 35 25 26 28 38 50 70 46.2
Mean monthly sunshine hours 203.6 216.8 243.7 250.0 308.7 348.3 349.4 339.7 311.3 281.5 224.2 197.0 3,274.2
Source: Synoptic Stations Statistics

Main sights





Mosques

  • Agha Nour mosque
  • Hakim Mosque
  • Ilchi mosque
  • Jameh Mosque[8]
  • Jarchi mosque
  • Lonban mosque
  • Maghsoudbeyk mosque
  • Mohammad Jafar Abadei mosque
  • Rahim Khan mosque
  • Roknolmolk mosque
  • Seyyed mosque (Isfahan)
  • Shah Mosque
  • Sheikh Lotf Allah Mosque

Palaces and caravanserais

Old schools (madresse)

  • Chahar Bagh School
  • Harati
  • Kassegaran school
  • Madreseye Khajoo
  • Nimavar school
  • Sadr school

Churches and cathedrals

  • Vank Cathedral – 17th century
  • Kelisaye Maryam (The Church of Mary)

Squares and streets

Bazaars

Bridges

The Zayande River starts in the Zagros Mountains, flows from west to east through the heart of Isfahan, and dries up in the Kavir desert.

The bridges over the river include some of the nicest architecture in Isfahan. The oldest bridge is the "Pol-e Shahrestan," which was probably built in the 12th century during the Seljuk period. Further upstream is the "Pol-e Khaju," which was built by Shah Abbas II in 1650. It is 123 metres long with 24 arches, and it also serves as a sluice gate.

The next bridge is the "Pol-e Jubi." It was originally built as an aqueduct to supply the palace gardens on the north bank of the river. Further upstream again is the Si-o-Seh Pol or bridge of 33 arches. Built during the rule of Shah Abbas the Great, it linked Isfahan with the Armenian suburb of Jolfa. It is by far the longest bridge in Isfahan at 295 m (967.85 ft).

Other bridges include:

Minarets

  • Ali minaret
  • Bagh-e-Ghoushkhane minaret
  • Chehel Dokhtaran minaret
  • Dardasht minarets
  • Darozziafe minarets
  • Menar Jonban
  • Sarban minaret

Mausoleums

  • Al-Rashid Mausoleum
  • Baba Ghassem Mausoleum
  • Shahshahan mausoleum

Emamzadehs

  • Emamzadeh Ahmad
  • Emamzadeh Esmaeil, Isfahan
  • Emamzadeh Haroun-e-Velayat
  • Emamzadeh Jafar
  • Emamzadeh Shah Zeyd

Tourist Attractions

Isfahan is an important historical center for different groups of tourists in the domestic and international world. The central historical area in Isfahan is called Seeosepol (the name of a famous bridge)[9][10]

Other sites

Transportation

Airport

Isfahan is served by the Isfahan International Airport which handles domestic flights to Iranian cities and international flights, mostly to regional destinations across Middle East and central Asia including Dubai and Damascus.

Metro and Inter City Public Transportation

Isfahan Metro is under construction and will include 2 lines with 43 km (27 mi) length. The first line of that is planned to be finished by end of 2010 with 21 km (13 mi) length and 20 stations. Until the metro is completed an expanded bus system accompanied by taxis will handle Isfahan intra-urban public transportation.

Rail

Isfahan is connected to three major rail lines: Isfahan-Tehran, Isfahan-Shiraz (recently opened), Isfahan-Yazd and via this recent one to Bandar Abbas and Zahedan.

Road transport

Isfahan's internal highway network is currently under heavy expansion which began during the last decade. Its lengthy construction is due to concerns of possible destruction of valuable historical buildings. Outside the city, Isfahan is connected by modern highways to Tehran which spans a distance of nearly 400 km (248.55 mi) to North and to Shiraz at about 200 km (124.27 mi) to the south. The highways also service satellite cities surrounding the metropolitan area.[12]

Culture


Rug manufacture

Main article: Isfahan rug

Isfahan has long been one of the centers for production of the famous Persian Rug. Weaving in Isfahan flourished in the Safavid era. But when the Afghans invaded Iran, ending the Safavid dynasty, the craft also became stagnant.

Food

  • Isfahan is famous for its Beryuni. This dish is made of baked mutton & lungs that are minced and then cooked in a special small pan over open fire with a pinch of cinnamon. Beryuni is generally eaten with a certain type of bread, "nan-e taftton." Although it can also be served with other breads.
    See also Biryani.
  • Fesenjan – a casserole type dish with a sweet and tart sauce containing the two base ingredients, pomegranate molasses and ground walnuts cooked with chicken, duck, lamb or beef and served with rice.
  • Gaz – the name given to Persian Nougat using the sap collected from angebin, a plant from the tamarisk family found only on the outskirts of Isfahan. It is mixed with various ingredients including rose water, pistachio and almond kernels and saffron.
  • "Khoresht-e mast" (yoghurt stew) is a traditional dish in Isfahan. Unlike other stews despite its name, it is not served as a main dish and with rice; Since it is more of a sweet pudding it is usually served as a side dish or dessert. The dish is made with yogurt, lamb/mutton or chicken, saffron, sugar and orange zest. Iranians either put the orange zest in water for one week or longer or boil them for few minutes so the orange peels become sweet and ready for use. People in Iran make a lot of delicate dishes and jam with fruit rinds. This dish often accompanies celebrations and weddings.
  • Pulaki – the name given to a type of Isfahani candy which is formed to thin circles like coins and served with tea or other warm drinks.

Notable people

Artists
  • Jalal al din Taj Esfahani, 1903–, vocalist of Iranian classical music
  • Hasan Kasaie, 1928, ney player (ney is a musical instrument used in Iran's classical music)
  • Jalil Shahnaz, 1921, Tar player
  • Freydoon Rassouli, artist and founder of Fusionart movement
  • Master Ahmad Archang, artist and designer of Isfahan rug patterns
  • Alireza Eftekhari, 1956–, singer
  • Mohammad Esfahani, popular music
  • Nasrollah Moein, 1951–, popular and classical music
  • Hoshmand Aghili, 1945–, popular and classical music
  • Hassan Shamaizadeh, music composer and Singer
  • Leila Forouhar, Iranian pop singer
Actors and movie directors
  • Reza Arhamsadr, 1923–2008, famous father of Persian comic cinema and theater, actor
  • Asghar Farhadi, 1972–, Oscar-winning director
  • Nosratolah Vahdat, 1925, actor
  • Mohamad Ali Keshvarz, 1930, actor
  • Jahangir Forouhar, 1916–1997, actor and father of Leila Forouhar (Iranian singer)
  • Bahman Farmanara, 1942–, director
  • Kiumars Poorahmad, 1949–, director
  • Rasul Sadr Ameli, 1953–, director
  • Homayoun Asaadian, director
  • Soraya Esfandiary-Bakhtiari, 1956–2001, former princess of Iran and actress
  • Homayoun Ershadi, 1947–, Hollywood actor and architect
Painters
  • Bogdan Saltanov, 1630s–1703, Russian icon painter of Isfahanian Armenian origin
  • Sumbat Der Kiureghian, 1913–1999 (سمبات دِر كيوُرغيان), an Isfahanian Armenian painter
  • Hossein Mosaverolmolki, 1889–1969, (حسين مصورالملكي), painter and miniaturist
  • Yervand Nahapetian, 1917–, (يرواند نهاپطيان), Isfahanian Armenian painter
  • Freydoon Rassouli, American painter born and raised in Isfahan
  • Ostad Javad Rostamshirazi, 1919–, Isfahanian painter
  • Mahmoud Farshchian, 1930–, miniaturist
Political figures
Religious figures
Sportspeople
Writers and poets
Others
  • Nasser David Khalili, 1945–, property developer, art collector, and philanthropist
  • Arthur Pope, 1881–1969, American archaeologist, buried near Khaju Bridge

Education


Aside from the seminaries and religious schools, the major universities of the Esfahan metropolitan area are:

There are also more than 50 Technical and Vocational Training Centers under the administration of Esfahan TVTO which provide non-formal training programs freely throughout the province.[14]

Sports

Isfahan is the host of many national and international sport events therefore enjoying sport facilities such as Naghsh-e-Jahan Stadium with 50,000 capacity which second phase is under development to increase capacity to 75,000 spectators. Isfahan has an important derby called as Naqsh e jahan derby. This competition is one of the most popular annual football events in Iran between Sepahan Isfahan and Zob Ahan Isfahan.

Isfahan has two association football clubs that have been title contenders in Iran's Premier Football League. These are:

Twin towns – Sister cities


Isfahan is twinned with:

Gallery

See also

References

  • University of Sheffield, School of Architecture, 2005
Notes

External links

Commons has media related to Isfahan.
  • Municipality of Isfahan
  • Isfahan official website
  • Isfahan Metro
  • 360 degrees panorama gallery of Isfahan
  • Isfahan Geometry on a Human Scale A Documentary film directed by Manouchehr Tayyab (30 min)
Preceded by
Rey 		Capital of Seljuq Empire (Persia)
1051–1118 		Succeeded by
Hamadan (Western capital)
Merv (Eastern capital)
Preceded by
Qazvin 		Capital of Iran (Persia)
1598-1736 		Succeeded by
Mashhad
Preceded by
Qazvin 		Capital of Safavid dynasty
1598-1722 		Succeeded by
-
  • Capital
  • Isfahan
Aran va Bidgol County
Borkhar County
Buin va Miandasht County
Khur and Biabanak County
Counties (M-Z)
and cities
Tiran and Karun County
Landmarks
and
sights